FWS exv. ~ sb take sb into one's family, esp as one's child or heiradoptionn. adopting or being adoptedadult$adj. grown to full size or strengthadvancen. forward movementadvanced5being ahead in development, knowledge, progress, etc. advantagepn. ~ (over sb) condition or circumstance that gives one superiority or success (esp when competing with others) advantageousadj. ~ profitable; beneficial ; adventuren. company or service providing regular flights for public useairmailn. mail carried by airairplanen. = aeroplaneairportpn. large area where civil aircraft land and take o ff, usu with facilities for passengers and goods, and customsalarmn. warning sound or signalalcoholln. colourless liquid that can cause drunkenness, contained in drinks such as beer, wine, brandy and whiskyalert*adj. ~ attentive and quick to think or actalienPn. person who is not a naturalized citizen of the country in which he is livingalikeadj. like one another; similaraliveadj. living; not deadindef det the whole number ofallied=> allyallowv. permit (sb/sth) to do sth allowance8n. amount of sth, esp money, allowed or given regularlyalloyIn. metal formed of a mixture of metals or of metal and another substancealmostadv. nearly; not quitealone"adj. , adv without any companionsalong1prep from one end to or towards the other end of alongside,adv. close to the side of a ship, p ier, etcaloudFadv. in a voice loud enough to be heard, not silently or in a whisperalphabetKn. set of letters or symbols in a fixed order, used when writing a languagealreadyAadv. before now or before a stated or suggested time in the pastalsoadv. in addition; besides; tooalterEv. become different; change in character, position, size, shape, etc alterationn. changing; making a change alternate0adj. happening or following one after the other alternative,adj. available in place of sth else; otheralthough(conj in spite of the fact that; even ifaltituden. height above sea-level altogetheradv. entirely, completelyaluminum[ aluminium: ] n. a light malleable ductile silvery-white metallic element that resists corrosion; the third most abundant element in the earth's crust (8.1 per cent), occurring only as a compound, principally in bauxite. etc. Symb ol: Al; atomic no.: 13always%adv. at all times; without exceptionamateurQn. person who practises a sport or artistic skill without receiving money for itamaze%v. fill with great surprise or wonder ambiguous+adj. having more than one possible meaningambition"n. ~ strong desire to achieve sth ambitious>adj. ~ ~ (for sth) full of ambition, esp for success or money ambulanceDn. vehicle equipped to carry sick or injured people to hospital, etcAmerica'short for the: United States of AmericaAmerican#adj. of N or S America, esp the USAamongprep surrounded by (sb/sth) .ampere(n. unit for measuring electric current .ample adj. enough amplifiern. device for amplifyingamplify&v. increase (sth) in size or strengthamusev. make laugh or smile amusement%thing that makes time pass pleasantlyanalogue)n. thing that is similar to another thinganalyseEv. separate into its parts in order to study its nature or structureanalytic'analytical adjs of or using analysis ;ancestorin. any of the people from whom sb is descended, esp those more remote than his grandparents; forefatheranchorn. heavy metal device attached to a rope, chain, etc and used to moor a ship or boat to thesea-bottom or a balloon to the groundancient"adj. belonging to times long pastandconj also; in addition toangel!n. messenger or attendant of Godanger/n. strong feeling of displeasure and hostilityangle1n. space between two lines or surfaces that meetangry2adj. ~ (w ith sb) (at/about sth) filled with angeranimal3n. living thing that can feel and move voluntarilyankle*n. joint connecting the foot with the leg anniversary=n. yearly return of the date of an event; celebration of thisannouncev. make known publicly announcerPn. person who announces speakers, singers, programmes, etc, esp on radio or TV ,annoy(v. cause slight anger to (sb); irritateannualadj. happening every yearannually$adv: The exhibition is held annuallyanotherindef det an additionalanswerAn. ~ thing said, written or done as a response or reaction; replyantfn. any of several types of very small insect that live in highly organized groups and work very hard antarctic+adj. of the regions around the South Pole .antennabn. either of a pair of flexible sensitive organs on the heads of insects, crustaceans, etc; feeler anticipate v. expectanxietyPn. troubled feeling in the mind caused by fear and uncertainty about the futureanxious(adj. ~ feeling anxiety; worried; uneasyany3indef det (used with ns ) an unspecified amount ofanybodyindef pron any personanyhow'indef adv carelessly; unsystematicallyanyoneindef pron = anybodyanythingindef pron any thinganywayindef adv = anyhow 2anywhere!indef adv in, at or to any placeapartadv. to or at a distance apartmentn. (US) = flat1 apologize>to express or make an apology; acknow ledge failings or faultsapologyYn. ~ (for sth) statement to say one is sorry for having done wrong or hurt sb's feelings apparatus>n. set of instruments, etc used esp in scientific experimentsapparent)adj. clearly seen or understood; obvious apparently*adv. according to appearances; as it seemsappeal8v. ~ to sb (for sth); ~ for sth make an earnest requestappear"v. come into view; become visible appearancen. coming into view; arrivalappendixHn. section that gives extra information at the end of a book or documentappetite-n. physical desire, esp for food or pleasureapplaud*v. show approval of by clapping the handsapplause,n. approval expressed by clapping the handsappleMn. round fruit with firm juicy flesh and green, red or yellow skin when ripe appliance/n. instrument or device for a specific purpose applicable=adj. ~ that can be applied (apply 7); appropriate or suitable application&n. ~ (to sb) (for sth) formal requestapply-v. ~ (to sb) (for sth) make a formal requestappointHv. ~ sb ~ sb (as sth) choose sb for a job or position of responsibility appointment4n. ~ (to sth) (act of) appointing a person to a job appreciable+adj. that can be seen or felt; considerable appreciate,v. understand and enjoy (sth); value highly appreciationn. understanding and enjoymentapproach+v. come near or nearer to in space or time appropriate!adj. ~ suitable; right and properapprovalZn. feeling or showing or saying that one thinks sth is good or acceptable or satisfactoryapproveFv. ~ say, show or feel that sth is good or acceptable or satisfactory approximately>adv: It cost approximately 300 I can't remember exactly. 300--April1n. the fourth month of the year, next after MarchArabianadj. of Arabia or the Arabs arbitrary9adj. based on personal opinion or impulse, not on reasonarchjn. curved structure supporting the weight of sth above it, eg a bridge or the upper storey of a building architectAn. person who designs buildings and supervises their construction architecture;n. art and science of designing and constructing buildingsarctic*adj. of the regions around the North Polearea&n. extent or measurement of a surfaceargueQv. ~ (about/over sth) express an opposite opinion; exchange angry words; quarrelargument+n. ~ (about/over sth) disagreement; quarrelarise%v. become evident; appear; originate arithmeticCn. branch of mathematics that deals with calculations using numbersarmRn. either of the two upper limbs of the human body, from the shoulder to the handarmy[n. part of a country's military forces that is organized and equipped for fighting on landaround'adv. on every side; in every directionarousev. ~ sb wake sb from sleeparrange/v. put in order; make tidy, neat or attractive arrangementn. putting in order; arrangingarrest'v. seize with the authority of the lawarrive2v. ~ reach (a place), esp at the end of a journeyarrow6n. thin pointed stick designed to be shot from a bow1art^n. creation or expression of sth beautiful, esp in a visual form, eg painting, sculpture, etcarticle2n. particular or separate thing, esp one of a set artificialCadj. made or produced by man in imitation of sth natural; not realartist;n. person who practises any of the fine arts, esp paintingartistic2adj. having natural skill in any of the fine artsasprep so as to appear to beascendv. go or come up (sth)ashUn. tree commonly found in forests, with silver-grey bark and hard close-grained wood.ashamedbadj. ~ ~ (that...) feeling shame, embarrassment, etc about sth/sb or because of one's own actionsashoreadv. to or on the shore or landAsiathe largest of the continents, bordering on the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the IndianOcean, and the Mediterranean and Red Seas in the west.Asiann. native or inhabitant of Asiaasiden. ~ (w ith sb/sth) action of associating or being associatedassume(v. accept as true before there is proof assumption?n. thing accepted as true or as sure to happen, but not proved assurance6n. confident belief in one's own abilities and powersassure'v. tell (sb) positively or confidentlyastonishv. surprise greatly astonishmentn. great surprise astronaut%n. person who travels in a spacecraft astronomy9n. scientific study of the sun, moon, stars, planets, etcat$prep (indicating a point in space )athlete\n. person who trains to compete in physical exercises and sports, esp running and jumping ,Atlantic the short for the Atlantic Ocean atmosphere@n. the atmosphere the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth atmospheric%adj. of or related to the atmosphereatom9n. smallest part of an element that can exist chemicallyatomicadj. of an atom or atomsattach%v. ~ sth fasten or join sth (to sth) attachment'n. action of attaching; being attachedattack8n. ~ violent attempt to hurt, overcome or defeat sb/sthattain%v. succeed in getting (sth); achieveattempt/v. make an effort to accomplish try (to do sth)attend5v. ~ apply one's mind steadily; give careful thought attendance#n. action or time of being present attendant>n. person whose job is to provide a service in a public place attention>n. action of applying one's mind to sth/sb or noticing sth/sb attentive7adj. ~ giving attention (to sb/sth); alert and watchfulattitude!n. ~ way of thinking or behavingattract.v. pull towards itself/oneself by unseen force attraction!n. action or power of attracting attractive=adj. having the power to attract(2a); pleasing or interesting attributeNv. ~ sth to sb/sth regard sth as belonging to, caused by or produced by sb/sthaudienceEn. group of people who have gathered together to hear or watch sb/sthaugustmajestic, venerableaunt8n. sister of one's father or mother; wife of one's uncleaural(adj. of or concerning the ear or hearing Australiaa country and the smallest continent, situated between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific: a former British colony, now an independent member of the Commonwealth, constitutional links with Britain formally abolished in 1986 Australiann, adj of Australiaauthorn. writer of a book, play, etc authority-n. power to give orders and make others obeyauton. (infml esp US) car automaticEadj. working by itself without direct human control; self-regulating automaticallyadv. automationOn. use of automatic equipment and machines to do work previously done by people automobilen. =carautumnzn. the third season of the year, coming between summer and winter, ie from September toNovember in the northern hemisphere auxiliary'adj. giving help or support; additional available"adj. that can be used or obtainedavenueTn. wide road or path, often lined with trees, esp one that leads to a large house ,average^n. result of adding several amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amountsavoid#v. keep oneself away from (sb/sth)await#v. (of a person) wait for (sb/sth)awake8v. (cause a person or an animal to) stop sleeping; wakeaward_v. ~ sth make an official decision to give sth to sb as a prize , as payment or as a punishmentawareFadj. ~ of sb/sth; ~ that... having knowledge or realization of sb/sthawayMadv. part ~ (from sb/sth) to or at a distance in space or time (from sb/sth)awful+adj. extremely bad or unpleasant; terribleawfullyadv. very; very muchawkward&adj. badly designed; difficult to useax[ ax.abbrev: ] a hand tool with one side of its head forged and sharpened to a cutting edge, used for felling trees, splitting timber, etc.axe^n. tool with a handle and a heavy metal blade used for chopping wood, cutting down trees, etcbabyn. very young child or animalbachelorn. unmarried manbackxn. part or surface of an object that is furthest from the front; part that is less used, less visible or less important`n. part of a view, scene or description that forms a setting for the chief objects, people, etcbackward5adj. directed towards the back or the starting pointbacon9n. salted or smoked meat from the back or sides of a pig bacterium A microbe.bad:adj. of poor quality; below an acceptable standard; faultybadge|n. thing worn (usu a design on cloth or sth made of metal) to show a person's occupation, rank, membership of a society, etcbadly/adv. in an inadequate or unsatisfactory manner badminton^n. game for two or four people played with rackets and shuttlecocks on a court with a high netbagn. container made of flexible material (eg paper, cloth or leather) with an opening at the top, used for carrying things from place to placebaggage n. = luggagebake9v. ~ sth (cause sth to) be cooked by dry heat in an ovenbaker)n. person who bakes and sells bread, etcbalanceUn. instrument used for weighing, with a central pivot, a beam and two scales or pansball(n. solid or hollow sphere used in gamesballoon_n. brightly-coloured rubber bag that is filled with air, used as a child's toy or a decorationbanana>n. long thick-skinned edible fruit that is yellow when ripe .bandtn. thin flat strip, hoop or loop used for fastening things together or for placing round an object to strengthen itbangPv. strike (sth) deliberately and violently, often in order to make a loud noisebankLn. land sloping up along each side of a river or canal; ground near a riverbanker)n. owner, director or manager of a bank3bankruptn. person judged by a law court to be unable to pay his debts in full, whose property is then taken by the court and used to repay his creditorsbannern. large strip of cloth showing an emblem or slogan, which is displayed or carried, usu on two poles, during eg political or religious processionsbarn. piece of solid materialbarberUsage at be2 be2. exist; occur; livebeachin. stretch of sand or pebbles along the edge of the sea or a lake; shore between high and low water markbeamn. long piece of wood, metal, concrete, etc, usu horizontal and supported at both ends, that carries the weight of part of a building or some other structurebean8n. smooth, usu kidney-shaped, seed, used as a vegetablebear%n. large heavy animal with thick furbeard@n. hair growing on the chin and the lower cheeks of a man's facebeast'n. animal, esp a large four-footed onebeat,v. hit (sb/sth) repeatedly, esp with a stick beautiful?adj. having beauty; giving pleasure to the senses or the mindbeautyLn. combination of qualities that give pleasure to the senses or to the mindbecauseconj for the reason thatbecome#to come to be; develop or grow intobedUn. thing to sleep or rest on, esp a piece of furniture with a mattress and coveringsbedroomn. room for sleeping inbeen. four-w inged insect with a sting, that lives in a colony and collects nectar and pollen from flowers to produce wax and honey .beef1n. flesh of an ox, a bull or a cow, used as meatbeer?n. alcoholic drink made from malt and flavoured with hops, etcbefore-adv. at an earlier time; in the past; already beforehand'adv. in advance; in readiness; earlierbegv. ~ (from sb); ~ (for) sth (from/of sb) ask for (money, food, clothes, etc) as a gift or as charity; make a living in this waybeggar3n. person who lives by begging; very poor person ;beginv. set (sth) in motion; startbeginner3n. person who is just beginning to learn or do sth beginningn. first partbehalfn. on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf; US in behalf of sb/in sb's behalf as the representative of or spokesman for sb; in the interest of sbbehaveBv. ~ well, badly, etc act or conduct oneself in the specified waybehavior7[ behaviour: ] manner of behaving or conducting oneselfbehind1prep in or to a position at the back of (sb/sth)being n. existencebeliefUn. ~ in sth/sb feeling that sth/sb is real and true; trust or confidence in sth/sb ;believeBv. feel sure of the truth of accept the statement of (sb) as truebellVn. hollow metal object, usu shaped like a cup, that makes a ringing sound when struckbelong!v. ~ to sb be the property of sbbelovedadj. ~ (by/of sb) much lovedbelow5prep at or to a lower position, level, rank, etc thanbelt:n. strip of leather, cloth, etc usu worn around the waistbench#n. long seat made of wood or stonebendGv. force (sth that was straight) into an angle; make crooked or curvedbeneath6prep in or to a lower position than (sb/sth); under ; beneficial6adj. ~ having a helpful or useful effect; advantageousbenefitDn. profit; gain; future good (used esp with the vs and preps shown)bent[n. ~ (for sth/doing sth) natural skill (at sth); liking or inclination (for sth/doing sth)berry%n. small juicy fruit without a stonebeside(prep at the side of (sb/sth); next to ;besidesprep in addition tobest;adj. 1 of the most excellent, desirable, suitable, etc kindbetbv. ~ (sth) (on sth) risk (money) on a race or on some other event of which the result is doubtfulbetray>v. ~ sb/sth hand over or show sb/sth disloyally (to an enemy)better,adj. 1 of a more excellent or desirable kindbetweenPprep in or into the space separating (two or more points, objects, people, etc)bewareDv. ~ (of sb/sth) be cautious (of sb/sth); take care (about sb/sth) ;beyond(prep at or to a more distant point thanbiblean. (also the Bible) sacred writings of the Christian Church, comprising the Old and NewTestamentsbicycleNn. two-wheeled vehicle on which a person rides, using pedals to drive it alongbidev. ~ (sth) (for sth); esp US ~ (sth) (on sth) offer (a price) in order to buy sth, esp at an auctionbig(adj. large in size, extent or intensitybike n. bicyclebillMn. (US check) written statement of money owed for goods or services suppliedbillion4pron, det 1000000000000; one million million(s) ; .bind@v. ~ A (to B); ~ A and B (together) tie or fasten, eg with ropebiologyCn. scientific study of the life and structure of plants and animalsbirdAn. feathered animal with two wings and two legs, usu able to flybirthJn. emergence of young from the mother's body; being born or bearing youngbirthday+a an anniversary of the day of one's birthbiscuit/n. small flat thin piece of pastry baked crispbit"n. small piece or amount (of sth)bite8v. ~ (into sth) cut into or nip (sth/sb) with the teethbitterHadj. having a sharp taste like aspirin or unsweetened coffee; not sweetbitterlyadv. in a bitter way bitternessn.blackjadj. of the very darkest co lou r, like coal or soot; opposite of white; of a colour very similar to this blackboardPn. dark-coloured board used for writing on with chalk, esp in a school classroomblamegv. ~ sb ~ sth on sb consider or say that sb is responsible for sth done (badly or wrongly) or not doneblank(adj. without writing or print; unmarkedblanketEn. thick woollen covering used, esp on beds, for keeping people warmblast8n. explosion; destructive wave of air from an explosionblazen. bright flame or firebleedv. lose or emit bloodblend)v. mix in order to get a certain qualitybless0v. ask God's favour and protection for (sb/sth)blessingn. God's favour and protectionblindadj. unable to seeblockHn. large solid piece of wood, stone, metal, etc, usu with flat surfacesblood?n. red liquid flowing through the bodies of humans and animalsbloody"adj. covered with blood; bleedingbloom;n. flower, esp of plants admired chiefly for their flowersblossom2n. flower, esp of a fruit tree or flowering shrubblowv. (pt blew/ blublue@adj. having the colour of a clear sky or the sea on a sunny dayboardPn. long thin flat piece of cut wood used for building walls, floors, boats, etcboast^v. ~ talk (about one's own achievements, abilities, etc) with too much pride and satisfactionboatLn. small vessel for travelling in on water, moved by oars, sails or a motor:n. whole physical structure of a human being or an animalboil2n. infected swelling under the skin, producing pusboilerNn. metal container in which water is heated, eg to produce steam in an enginebold/adj. confident and brave; daring; enterprisingboltCn. metal bar that slides into a socket to lock a door, window, etcbombyn. container filled with explosive or incendiary material, made to explode when dropped or thrown, or by a timing devicebond?n. written agreement or promise that has legal force; covenantboneDn. any of the hard parts that form the skeleton of an animal's bodybookJn. number of printed or written sheets of paper bound together in a coverboom%v. make a deep hollow resonant soundbootGn. outer covering for the foot and ankle, made of eg leather or rubberboothgn. small, usu temporary, stall where goods are sold or displayed at a market, a fair or an exhibitionborderBn. (land near the) line dividing two countries or areas; frontierbore,v. make with a revolving tool or by diggingborn(v. be born come into the world by birthborrowuv. ~ (from sb/sth) receive or obtain (sth) temporarily (from sb/sth), with the promise or intention of returning itbosom)n. person's chest, esp a woman's breastsbossDn. person who controls or gives orders to workers; manager; employerboth+adj. the two; the one as well as the otherbotherEv. ~ sb (about/with sth) cause trouble or annoyance to sb; pester sbbottlePn. glass or plastic container, usu with a narrow neck, used for storing liquidsn. lowest part or point of sthbough%n. any of the main branches of a treebounce*v. spring back when sent against sth hardbound$v. form the boundary of (sth); limitboundary*n. line that marks a limit; dividing linebowln. piece of wood bent into a curve by a tight string joining its ends, used as a weapon for shooting arrowsbowlLn. (esp in compounds ) deep round dish, used esp for holding food or liquidboxxn. (esp in compounds ) container made of wood, cardboard, metal, etc with a flat base and usu a lid, for holding solidsboyn. male child; sonbrainzn. organ of the body that controls thought, memory and feeling, consisting of a mass of soft grey matter inside the headbrakeJn. device for reducing the speed of or stopping a car, bicycle, train, etcbranchGn. arm-like division of a tree, growing from the trunk or from a boughbrand0n. particular make of goods or their trade markbrandyFn. strong alcoholic drink distilled from wine or fermented fruit-juicebrass6n. bright yellow metal made by mixing copper and zincbravebadj. (of a person) ready to face and endure danger, pain or suffering; having no fear;courageousbraveryn. being brave; couragebreadDn. food made of flo ur, water and usu yeast, kneaded and then bakedbreadth4n. distance or measurement from side to side; widthbreakzv. ~ (in/into sth) (of a whole object) separate into two or more parts as a result of force or strain (but not by cutting) breakfastn. first meal of the daybreast?n. either of the two parts of a woman's body that produce milkbreath@n. (also infml puff) air taken into and sent out of the lungsbreathe1v. take air into the lungs and send it out againbreedv. (of animals) produce youngbreezen. light windbrick)n. baked or dried clay used for buildingbridge`n. structure of wood, iron, concrete, etc, providing a way across a rive r, road, railw ay, etcbrief&adj. lasting only a short time; shortbrieflyadv. for a short timebright2adj. giving out or reflecting much light; shiningbrightenJv. ~ (up) (cause sth/sb to) become brighter, more cheerful or more hopeful brightness brilliantadj. very bright; sparklingbrim'n. top edge of a cup, bowl, glass, etcbringNv. ~ sb/sth (w ith one); ~ sth (for sb) come carrying sth or accompanied by sbBritainn. = Great BritainBritish/adj. of the United Kingdom or its inhabitantsbrittle%adj. hard but easily broken; fragilebroad4adj. large in size from one side to the other; wide broadcast0v. send out (programmes) by radio or televisionbroaden"v. ~ (cause sth to) become broaderbroken pp of break1bronzen. alloy of copper and tinbrookn. small streambroomAn. shrub with yellow or white flowers growing esp on sandy groundbrother8n. man or boy having the same parents as another personbrow n. = eyebrowbrownCadj. having the colour of toasted bread, or coffee mixed with milkbrushn. implement with bristles of h air, wire, nylon, etc set in a block of wood, etc and used for scrubbing, sweeping, cleaning, painting, tidying the h air, etcbubblen. small inexpensive restaurant serving light meals and drinks cafeteriaLn. restaurant in which customers collect their meals on trays from a countercagev. put or keep in a cagecaken. sweet food made from a mixture of flo ur, eggs, bu tter, su ga r, etc baked in a certain shape or size and usu iced or decorated calculate:v. work out by using numbers or one's judgement; estimate calculationn. calculatingcalendarAn. chart showing the days, weeks and months of a particular yearcalln. shout; crycalm-adj. (of the sea) without large waves; stillcamelzn. animal with a long neck and one or two humps on its back, used in desert countries for riding and for carrying goods .cameraLn. apparatus for taking photographs, moving pictures or television picturescampan. place where people (eg holiday-makers, Scouts or explorers) live temporarily in tents or hutscampaignHn. series of military operations with a particular aim, usu in one areaCanada}a country in North America: the second largest country in the world; first permanent settlements made by the French from 1605Canadiann, adj of Canadacanalan. channel cut through land for boats or ships to travel along, or to carry water for irrigationcancel]v. say that (sth already arranged and decided upon) will not be done or take place; call offcancer+n. the fourth sign of the zodiac, the Crab candidate=n. person who applies for a job or is nominated for electioncandleVn. round stick of wax with a wick through it which is lit to give light as it burns .candy&n. sugar hardened by repeated boilingcannon8n. old type of large heavy gun firing solid metal ballscanoe2n. light narrow boat moved by one or more paddlescanteenGn. place serving food and drink in a factory, an office, a school, etccanvasXn. strong coarse cloth used for making tents, sails, etc and by artists for painting oncapQn. soft head-covering without a brim but often with a peak, worn by men and boyscapable%adj. having ability; able; competentcapacity"n. ability to hold or contain sthcapitalQn. town or city that is the centre of government of a country, state or province capitalismn. economicsystem in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the Statecaptain0n. person in charge of a ship or civil aircraftcaptive*adj. held as a prisoner; unable to escapecapturev. take as a prisonercar@n. motor vehicle with (usu four) wheels for carrying passengerscarbon|n. non-metallic chemical element that is present in all living matter and occurs in its pure form as diamond and graphite .card(n. thick stiff paper or thin pasteboardcare"n. ~ serious attention or thoughtcareerLn. profession or occupation with opportunities for advancement or promotioncareful1adj. ~ (about/in) doing sth taking care; cautiouscareless1adj. ~ not taking care; inattentive; thoughtlesscargo0n. (load of) goods carried in a ship or aircraft carpenterHn. person whose job is making or repairing wooden objects and structurescarpet9n. thick woollen or synthetic fabric for covering floorscarriageTn. vehicle (usu with four wheels), pulled by a horse or horses, for carrying peoplecarrier$n. person or thing that carries sthcarrot)n. plant with a long pointed orange rootcarryhv. support the weight of (sb/sth) and take (him/it) from place to place; take from one place to anothercartUn. vehicle with two or four wheels used for carrying loads and usu pulled by a horsecarvecv. ~ (in sth); ~ sth (out of/from/of/in sth) form (sth) by cutting away material from wood orstonecase0n. instance or example of the occurrence of sthcashn. money in coins or notescassette?n. small sealed case containing a reel of film or magnetic tapecast/v. throw (sth), esp deliberately or with forcecastleilarge fortified building or group of buildings with thick walls, towers, battlements and sometimes a moatcasualadj. happening by chancecatLn. small furry domesticated animal often kept as a pet or for catching mice catalogueQn. complete list of items, usu in a special order and with a description of eachcatch3v. stop and hold (a moving object) esp in the handscategoryn. hollow place in the side of a cliff or hill, or undergroundcease'v. come or bring (sth) to an end; stopceilingn. top inner surface of a room celebrateNv. mark (a happy or important day, event, etc) with festivities and rejoicingcellZn. very small room, eg for a monk in a monastery or for one or more prisoners in a prisoncellar'n. underground room for storing thingscementn. grey powder, made by burning lime and clay, that sets hard after mixing with water and is used in building to stick bricks together or for making very hard surfacescentMn. one 100th part of a US dollar or of certain other metric units of currency centigradegadj. of or using a temperature scale with the freezing-point of water at 0 and the boiling-point at 100 centimetren. one 100th part of a metre .central/adj. of, at, near or forming the centre of sthcentreTn. point that is equally distant from all sides of sth; middle point or part of sthcenturyn. period of 100 years 100ceremonySn. formal act or series of formal acts performed on a religious or public occasioncertain>adj. ~ ~ (to do sth) sure beyond doubt; that can be relied on certainlyadv. without doubt; definitely certaintyn. thing that is certain certificate_n. official written or printed statement that may be used as proof or evidence of certain factschain}n. (length of) connected metal links or rings, used for hauling or supporting weights or for fastening or restraining thingschairOn. moveable seat with a back and sometimes with arms, for one person to sit onchairmanperson in charge of a meetingchalk9n. type of soft white rock used for burning to make lime challengen. ~ (to do sth) invitation or call (to sb) to take part in a game, contest, fight etc to prove who is better, stronger, more able, etcchambern. room, esp a bedroom ,champion[n. person, team, animal or plant that has defeated or excelled all others in a competitionchance^n. way in which things happen without any cause that can be seen or understood; luck;fortunechangev. become different; alterchannel+n. sunken bed of a rive r, stream or canalchapter%n. (usu numbered) division of a book characterZn. mental or moral qualities that make a person, group, nation, etc different from others characterize2To describe by distinctive marks or peculiarities.chargedn. claim that a person has done wrong, esp a formal claim that he has committed a crime;accusationcharity"n. loving kindness towards otherscharmGn. power of pleasing, fascinating or attracting people; attractivenesscharmingadj. delightfulchartan. detailed map used to help navigation at sea, showing coasts, rocks, the depth of the sea, etccharterzn. written statement by a ruler or a government granting certain rights and privileges to atown, company, university, etcchase=v. ~ sb/sth run after in order to capture or overtake sb/sthcheap(adj. low in price; costing little moneycheatHv. ~ act dishonestly or unfairly in order to win an advantage or profitcheckn. roll of shredded tobacco enclosed in thin paper for smokingcinema4n. building in which motion-picture films are showncircleIn. curved line every point on which is the same distance from the centrecircuit(n. line, route or journey round a placecircular#adj. shaped like a circle; round ; circulate(v. (cause sth to) go round continuously circulation?n. movement of blood round the body from and back to the heart circumference;n. line that marks out a circle or other curved figure1(2b) circumstance7n. condition or fact connected with an event or actioncircusbn. travelling company of entertainers, including acrobats, riders, clowns and performing animalscitequote; commendcitizenin. person who has full rights as a member of a country, either by birth or by being granted such rightscityn. large and important towncivil1adj. of or relating to the citizens of a countrycivilian=n. person not serving in the armed forces or the police force civilizationa human society that has highly developed material and spiritual resources and a complex cultural, political, and legal organization; an advanced state in social developmentcivilizeQto bring out of savagery or barbarism into a state characteristic of civilizationclaim]v. demand or request (sth) because it is or one believes it is one's right or one's propertyclap?v. ~ sth (together) strike (the palms of one's hands) togetherclarify7v. (cause sth to) become clear or easier to understandclashKv. ~ (together) (cause things to) strike together with a loud, harsh noiseclasp(n. device for fastening things togetherclass8n. group of people at the same social or economic levelclassicbadj. having a high quality that is recognized and unquestioned; of lasting value and importance classicalXadj. of, relating to or influenced by the art and literature of ancient Greece and Romeclassification#n. classifying or being classifiedclassify8v. (a)arrange (sth) systematically in classes or groups classmateDa friend or contemporary of the same class in a school, college, etc classroomAa room in which classes are conducted, esp. in a school or collegclawTn. any of the pointed nails (nail1) on the feet of some mammals, birds and reptilesclayWn. stiff sticky earth that becomes hard when baked, used for making bricks and potteryclean"adj. free from dirt or impuritiesclearly#adv. in a clear manner; distinctlyclerkLn. person employed in an office, a shop, etc to keep records, accounts, etcclevern. steep, usu high, face of rock, esp at the edge of the sea .climateen. regular pattern of weather conditions (temperature, rainfall, winds, etc) of a particular regionclimaxGn. most interesting or significant event or point in time; culminationclimbAv. go up or over (sth) by effort, esp using one's hands and feetcling\v. (pt, pp clung/ klQN; klQN/) ~ (on) to sb/sth; ~ on; ~ together hold on tightly to sb/sthclinic#n. private or specialized hospitalclipIn. any of various wire or metal devices used for holding things togethercloakVn. sleeveless outer garment hanging loosely from the shoulders, usu worn out of doorsclock-n. instrument for measuring and showing time clockwiseHadv, adj moving in a curve in the same direction as the hands of a clockclose7adj. ~ (to sb/sth); ~ (together) near in space or timecloselyadv. in a close mannercloth3n. material made by weaving cotton, wool, silk, etcclotheto dress or attireclothes)n. covering for a person's body; garmentsclothing n. clothescloud,n. visible water vapour floating in the skycloudyadj. covered with cloudsclubxn. group of people who meet together regularly to participate in a particular activity (esp a sport) or for relaxationcluefn. ~ fact or piece of evidence that helps to solve a problem or reveal the truth in an investigationcluster>n. number of things of the same kind growing closely togetherclutchv. seize (sb/sth) eagerlycoach3n. bus for carrying passengers over long distancescoalkn. black mineral found below the ground, used for burning to supply heat and to make coal gas and coal tarcoarse-adj. consisting of large particles; not finecoastn. land bordering the seacoatKn. long outer garment with sleeves, usu fastened at the front with buttonscock*n. adult male bird of the domestic fowl .coden. (system of) words, letters, symbols, etc that represent others, used for secret messages or for presenting or recording information brieflycoffeen. seeds of the coffee treecoherentAadj. connected logically or consistent; easy to understand; clearcoilXv. ~ round sth/up wind or twist (oneself/sth) into a continuous circular or spiral shapecoin n. piece of metal used as moneycoincideVv. ~ (of events) occur at the same time or occupy the same period of time as sth elsecoldPadj. of low temperature, esp when compared to the temperature of the human body collaborateEv. ~ (on sth) work together (w ith sb), esp to create or produce sthcollapsev. fall down or in suddenlycollarMn. band, upright or folded over, round the neck of a shirt, coat, dress, etc colleague>n. person with whom one works, esp in a profession or businesscollect&v. ~ sth bring or gather sth together collectionn. collecting (collect1 5) sth collectiveGadj. of, by or relating to a group or society as a whole; joint; sharedcollege=n. institution for higher education or professional trainingcollideNv. ~ (of moving objects or people) strike violently against sth or each other collisionvn. ~ ~ (between A and B) (instance of) one object or person striking against another; (instance of) colliding; crashcolonel\n. army officer between the ranks of lieutenant-colonel and brigadier, commanding a regimentcolonial7adj. of, relating to or possessing a colonyor coloniescolonist1n. person who settles in an area and colonizes itcolonyfn. country or area settled or conquered by people from another country and controlled by that countrycolor= colourcolumnn. tall p illa r, usu round and made of stone, either supporting part of the roof of a building or standing alone as a monumentcombWn. piece of metal, plastic or bone with teeth, used for tidying and arranging the haircombat4n. fight or fighting between two people, armies, etc combinationhn. joining or mixing together of two or more things or people; state of being joined or mixed togethercombineLv. ~ A and B/A with B (cause things to) join or mix together to form a wholecomev. ~ (to...) (from...) move to, towards, into, etc a place where the speaker or writer is, or a place being referred to by himcomfort_n. state of being free from suffering, pain or anxiety; state of physical or mental well-being comfortable>adj. allowing, producing or having pleasant bodily relaxationcommand(v. tell (sb) that he must do sth; order commandern. person who commandscommencev. begin (sth); startcommentun. ~ written or spoken remark giving an opinion on, explaining or criticizing (an event, a person, a situation, etc)commerce=n. trade (esp between countries); buying and selling of goods commercialadj. of or for commerce commission5n. ~ action, task or piece of work given to sb to docommit&v. do (sth illegal, wrong or foolish) committee=n. group of people appointed to deal with a particular matter commodity:n. thing bought in a shop and put to use, esp in the homecommonDadj. usual or familiar; happening or found often and in many placescommonlyadv. usually; very often commonplaceadj. ordinary; not interesting commonsense4sound and prudent but often unsophisticated judgment commonwealth"n. independent State or community communicate$v. ~ sth make sth known; convey sth communicationn. act of communicating(1b communismn. social and economic system in which there is no private ownership and the means of production belong to all members of society communistn. supporter of communism community\n. the community the people living in one place, district or country, considered as a wholecompactadj. closely packed together companionFn. person or animal that goes with, or spends much time with, anothercompany)n. being together with another or others comparable&adj. ~ able or suitable to be compared comparative'adj. involving comparison or comparing comparatively"adv. as compared to sth or sb elsecompareiv. ~ A and B; ~ A with/to B examine people or things to see how they are alike and how they are different comparison n. comparingcompassfn. (also magnetic compass) device for finding direction, with a needle that points to magnetic northcompel"v. (fml ) make (sb) do sth; force compensatelv. ~ for sth give (sb) sth good to balance or lessen the bad effect of damage, loss, injury, etc; recompense compensationn. ~ compensatingcompeteXv. ~ (in sth) (for sth) try to win sth by defeating others who are trying to do the same competition*n. event in which people compete; contest competitive!adj. of or involving competition competitorn. person who competescompileZv. ~ sth (for/from sth) collect (information) and arrange it in a book, list, report, etccomplainNv. ~ (about/at sth) (often derog ) say that one is dissatisfied, unhappy, etc complaintn. complaining complementJn. ~ thing that goes well or suitably with sth else, or makes it completecomplete!adj. having all its parts; whole completelyadv. wholly; totally completionn. action of completingcomplex5adj. made up of (usu several) closely connected parts complexityn. state of being complex complicate5v. make more difficult to do, understand or deal with complicated8adj. (often derog ) made up of many interconnected parts complicationFn. state of being complex, intricate or difficult; involved condition compliment5n. ~ expression of praise, admiration, approval, etccomply=v. ~ (w ith sth) do as one is requested, commanded, etc; obey(n. any of the parts of which sth is madecomposev. write (music, opera, etc)composern. person who composes composition8n. thing composed, eg a piece of music, a poem or a bookcompoundAn. thing made up of two or more separate things combined together comprehendv. understand fully comprehensiveadj. that includes everythingcompress=v. ~ sth press sth together; force sth into a small(er) space compression"n. compressing or being compressedcomprise*v. have as parts or members; be made up of compromisen. giving up of certain demands by each side in a dispute, so that an agreement may be reached which satisfies both to some extent compulsory>adj. that must be done; required by the rules, etc; obligatory computation)n. (fml ) (act of) computing; calculationcompute&v. ~ sth calculate sth with a computercomputern. electronic device for storing and analysing information fed into it, making calculations, or controlling machinery automaticallycomradeVn. fellow member of a trade-union, or of a socialist or communist political party, etcconcealRv. ~ sth/sb (from sb/sth) keep sth/sb from being seen or known about; hide sth/sbconceivev. become pregnant concentratev. ~ (sth) (on sth/doing sth) focus (one's attention, effort, etc) exclusively and intensely on sth, not thinking about other less important things concentration'n. ~ (power of) concentrating (on sth)concept(n. ~ idea underlying sth; general notion conception!n. conceiving or being conceivedconcern6v. be the business of (sb); be important to; affect ; concerning prep aboutconcertCn. musical entertainment given in public by one or more performers concessionn. ~ concedingconcise4adj. giving a lot of information in few words; briefconclude:v. ~ (w ith sth) (usu fml ) come or bring (sth) to an end conclusionn. endconcrete?adj. existing in material form; that can be touched, felt, etccondemn.v. ~ sb/sth say that one disapproves of sb/sthcondenseFv. ~ (into/to sth) (cause sth to) become thicker or more concentrated condenser9n. device for cooling vapour and condensing it to liquid condition!n. particular state of existence conditional%adj. ~ (on/upon sth) depending on sthconductn. person's behaviour conductionBn. conductingof electric current along wires or of heat by contact conductivity9n. property or power of conducting heat, electricity, etc conductorEn. person who directs the performance of an orchestra, a ch oir, etc conference"n. discussion or exchange of viewsconfessyv. ~ (to sth/doing sth); ~ (sth) (to sb) say or admit, often formally (that one has done wrong, committed a crime, etc) confession(n. statement of one's guilt; confessing confidenceWn. ~ (in sb/sth) firm trust (in sb, in sb's ability, or in what is said, reported, etc) confident;adj. ~ feeling or showing trust in oneself or one's ability confidential7adj. to be kept secret; not to be made known to othersconfine?v. ~ sb/sth keep (a person or an animal) in a restricted spaceconfirmhv. provide evidence for the truth or correctness of (a report, an opinion, etc); establish the truth of confirmation n. confirming or being confirmedconflictn. struggle; fightconformGv. ~ keep to or comply with (generally accepted rules, standards, etc)confrontOv. ~ sb with sb/sth make sb face or consider sb/sth unpleasant, difficult, etcconfuse2v. make unable to think clearly; puzzle; bewilder confusion!n. bewilderment or embarrassment congratulateKv. ~ sb tell sb that one is pleased about his good fortune or achievementscongratulation)n. congratulating or being congratulatedcongressOn. formal meeting or series of meetings for discussion between representatives conjunctionOn. word that joins words, phrases or sentences, eg and, but, or , and but orconnectDv. ~ (up) (to/with sth) come or bring together or into contact; join connection%the act or state of connecting; unionconquer%v. take possession of (sth) by force conquerorn. person who conquersconquest7n. conquering (eg of a country and its people); defeat conscienceUn. person's awareness of right and wrong with regard to his own thoughts and actions consciousladj. knowing what is going on around one because one is able to use bodily senses and mental powers; awake consciousnessn. state of being conscious(1)consent!v. ~ give agreement or permission consequence3n. thing that is a result or an effect of sth else consequentlyadv. as a result; therefore conservation7n. prevention of loss, waste, damage, destruction, etc conservative'adj. opposed to great or sudden changeconsiderSv. ~ sb/sth think about sb/sth, esp in order to make a decision; contemplate sb/sth considerableadj. great in amount or size considerablyadv. much; a great deal considerateTadj. ~ ~ (of sb) (to do sth) careful not to hurt or inconvenience others; thoughtful consideration/n. action of considering or thinking about sthconsist7v. (phr v) consist of sth be composed or made up of sth consistentiadj. (of a person, his behaviour, his views, etc) always keeping to the same pattern or style;unchanging consolidate(v. become more solid, secure, or strongconstant6adj. going on all the time; happening again and again constantlyadv. continuously; frequently constituent'adj. forming or helping to make a whole constitute:v. (fml ) make up or form (a whole); be the components of constitution>n. laws and principles according to which a state is governed construct*v. build (sth); put or fit together; form construction7n. action or manner of constructing; being constructedconsultEv. ~ sb/sth go to (a person, book, etc) for information, advice, etcconsumev. use (sth) upconsumer)n. person who buys goods or uses services consumption,n. using up of food, energy, resources, etccontact4n. ~ state of touching (used esp with the vs shown)contain$v. have or hold (sth) within itself container;n. box, bottle, etc in which sth is kept, transported, etc contemporaryKadj. ~ of the time or period being referred to; belonging to the same timecontemptVn. ~ (for sb/sth) feeling that sb/sth is completely worthless and cannot be respectedcontendev. ~ with/against sb/sth; ~ for sth struggle in order to overcome a rival, competitor or difficultycontentTadj. ~ (w ith sth); ~ to do sth satisfied with what one has; not wanting more; happycontestdisputecontext/writings preceding and following passage quoted continent-n. each of the main land masses of the Earth continental,adj. belonging to or typical of a continent continual:adj. going on all the time without stopping, or repeatedly continually!adv. without stopping; repeatedlycontinuev. go or move further continuous3adj. going on without stopping or being interruptedcontractBn. ~ (for sth/to do sth) legally binding agreement, usu in writing contradicthv. say sth that conflicts with by (sb), suggesting that the person is mistaken or not telling the truth contradictionn. contradictingcontrary.adj. opposite in nature, tendency or directioncontrastv. ~ sth (to sb) show sth clearly by giving proof or evidence demonstration+n. showing sth by giving proof or evidencedenote1v. be the name, sign or symbol of (sth); refer todense3adj. very heavy in relation to each unit of volumedensityn. quality of being dense(1bdentist\n. person whose work is filling, cleaning and taking out teeth, and fitting artificial teethdenyv. say that (sth) is not truedepart'v. ~ (for ..) (from...) go away; leave departmentNn. each of several divisions of a government, business, shop, university, etc departure#n. ~ (from.) departing; going awaydependv. that de`pends; it (all) de`pends (used alone, or at the beginning of a sentence , ) the result will be decided by sth mentioned or implied dependence8n. ~ on/upon sb/sth trust in sb/sth; reliance on sb/sth dependentadj. ~ needing support from sbdeposit6v. put (money) into a bank, esp to earn interest, etc deposition%n. removing from power; dethronementdepress#v. make sad and without enthusiasm depression n. being depressed; low spiritsdepriveYv. ~ sb/sth of sth take sth away from sb/sth; prevent sb/sth from enjoying or using sth ;depthn. distance from the top downdeputy,n. person who is given work, authority, etc derivationn. development or originderive8v. ~ sth from sth obtain sth from sth; get sth from sthdescendv. come or go down (sth) descendant n. person descended from anotherdescentn. coming or going downdescribeUv. ~ sb/sth (to/for sb); ~ sb/sth as sth say what sb/sth is like; depict sth in words description'n. saying in words what sb/sth is likedesert;v. go away from (a place) without intending ever to returndeserveqv. be sth or have done sth for which one should receive (a reward, special treatment, etc);be entitled to; meritdesign=n. ~ (for sth) drawing or outline from which sth may be made designateBadj. appointed to a job (but not yet having officially started it)designer n. person whose job is designing desirable&adj. ~ worth having; to be wished fordesire.n. ~ (for sth/to do sth) strong sexual longingdeskrn. piece of furniture with a flat or sloping top, often with drawers, at which one can read, write or do businessdespair!n. state of having lost all hope desperateTadj. feeling or showing great despair and ready to do anything regardless of dangerdespiseMv. ~ sb/sth (for sth) feel contempt for sb/sth; consider sb/sth as worthlessdespiteprep without being affected bydessertGn. any sweet dish, (eg pie, tart, ice-cream) eaten at the end of a meal destination/n. place to which sb/sth is going or being sentdestroy?v. damage so badly that it no longer exists, works, etc; wreck destruction n. destroying or being destroyed destructive*adj. causing destruction or serious damagedetach/v. ~ sth unfasten sth from sth; disconnect sthdetail"n. small, particular fact or itemdetain,v. prevent from leaving or doing sth; delaydetect.v. discover or recognize that (sth) is present detectionn. detecting; discovering detectivePn. person, esp a police officer, whose job it is to investigate and solve crimesdetectorSn. device for detecting changes in pressure or temperature, metals, explosives, etc determinationBn. ~ quality of being firmly committed to doing sth; resoluteness determinev. fix (sth) precisely; decidedevelopov. ~ (from sth) (into sth) (cause sb/sth to) grow gradually; become or make more mature, advanced or organized development!n. developing or being developeddeviatev. ~ from sth stop followingdevice/n. thing made or adapted for a special purposedevil'n. the Devil supreme evil being; Satandevise0v. think out (a plan, system, tool, etc); inventdevote6v. ~ oneself/sth to sb/sth give to sb/sth; dedicate ;devotionn. ~ deep strong lovedew_n. tiny drops of moisture condensed on cool surfaces from water vapour in the air, esp at nightdiagnoseJv. ~ sth find out the nature of (esp an illness) by observing its symptomsdiagramn. drawing or plan that uses simple lines rather than realistic details to explain or illustrate a machine, structure, process, etcdialn. face of a clock or watchdialectIn. form of a language used in a part of a country or by a class of peopledialog5[ dialogue: ] conversation between two or more peoplediametervn. straight line connecting the centre of a circle or sphere, or of the base of a cylinder, to two points on its sidesdiamond_n. transparent precious stone of pure carbon in crystallized form, the hardest substanceknowndiary6n. daily record of events, thoughts, appointments, etcdictateUv. ~ (to sb) say or read aloud (words to be typed, written down or recorded on tape) dictation+n. action of giving or taking sth dictateddictatoron. ruler who has total power over his country, esp one who has obtained it by force and uses it in a cruel way dictionaryn. book that lists and explains the words of a language, or gives translations of them into one or more other languages, and is usu arranged in alphabetical orderdien. block of hard metal with a design, etc cut into it, used for shaping coins, printing-type, medals, etc or for stamping paper, leather, etc so that designs stand out from the surfacediet&n. sort of food that is usually eatendiffer+v. ~ not be the same (as sb/sth); be unlike differenceon. ~ ~ (in/of sth) state or way in which two people or things are not the same, or in whichsb/sth has changed different.adj. ~ (than sb/sth) not the same (as sb/sth) differential-adj. of, showing or depending on a difference difficult6adj. ~ (of tasks) requiring effort or skill; not easy difficultyNn. ~ state or quality of being difficult; trouble or effort that sth involvesdigev. use one's hands, a spade, a machine, etc to break up and move (earth, etc); advance by doing thisdigest#n. short condensed account; summarydigital)adj. showing amounts by means of numbersdiligent?adj. ~ showing care and effort (in what one does); hard-workingdim4adj. where or which one cannot see well; not bright dimensionn. measurement of any sortdiminish$v. become smaller or less; decreasedinev. ~ (fml ) eat dinnerdinnerCn. main meal of the day, whether eaten at midday or in the eveningdip?v. ~ sth (into sth); ~ sth (in) put or lower sth into a liquiddirect7adj. straight; not curved or crooked; not turned aside directionWn. course taken by a moving person or thing; way that a person or thing looks or facesdirectly*adv. in a direct line or manner; straightdirectorYn. person who manages, esp as a member of a board1(7), the affairs of a business companydirtnn. matter that is not clean esp when it is where it is not wanted (eg on the skin, on clothes, in buildings)dirty"adj. not clean; covered with dirtdisable?v. make unable to do sth, esp by making a limb or limbs useless disadvantage[n. unfavourable condition; thing that tends to prevent sb succeeding, making progress, etcdisagreeQv. ~ (w ith sb/sth) (about/on sth) have a different opinion (from sb); not agree disagreement$n. ~ disagreeing; lack of agreement disappear v. no longer be visible; vanish disappearancen. act or fact of disappearing disappoint\v. fail to be or do sth as good, interesting etc as was hoped for or desired or expected bydisappointmentn. being disappointeddisasterin. event that causes great harm or damage, eg a fire, a serious defeat, the loss of a large sum of money disastrous adj. being or causing a disasterdisc$n. flat thin round plate, eg a coindiscardv. throw (sth) out or awaydiscernAv. see clearly (w ith the senses or the mind), esp with an effort discharge%v. unload unload (cargo) from a ship discipline\n. training, esp of the mind and character, aimed at producing self-control, obedience, etcdisclose%v. ~ sth (to sb) allow sth to be seen discomfort n. lack of comfort; slight paindiscount-n. amount of money taken off the cost of sth discourage7v. ~ sb take away sb's confidence or hope of doing sthdiscoverv. find or learn about discovery#n. discovering or being discovereddiscuss v. ~ sth talk or write about sth discussionn. discussing sthdiseaseZn. illness of the body, of the mind or of plants, caused by infection or internal disorderdisguiserv. ~ sb/sth ~ sb/sth (as sb/sth) make sb/sth look or sound different from normal; give sb/sth a false appearancedisgustQn. ~ (for/w ith sb) strong dislike for sth/sb that one feels is not right or gooddishIn. container for holding or serving food (usu shallow and flat-bottomed)dishonor'[ dishonour: ] to treat with disrespectdisk n. = discdislikev. not like (sb/sth)dismiss4v. ~ sb remove sb (esp an employee) from a positiondisorder+n. confused or untidy state; lack of orderdisperse0v. go in different directions; scatter; break updisplace(v. move from the usual or correct place displacement!n. displacing or being displaceddisplayv. ~ sth put sth on show displease"v. make feel upset or angry; annoydisposal n. action of getting rid of sthdispose+v. place(sb/sth) in a suitable way; arrangen. argument; debate disregard>v. pay no attention to treat (sth) as of no importance; ignoredissatisfaction*n. ~ ~ (at doing sth) lack of satisfaction dissatisfy To displease.dissolve.v. (of a liquid) make (a solid) become liquiddistance&n. space between two points or placesdistantadj. far away in space or time distillationn. distillingdistinct6adj. easily heard, seen, felt or understood; definite distinctionDn. ~ difference or contrast between one person or thing and another distinctly"adv. in a distinct manner; clearly distinguishMv. ~ A and B; ~ A from B recognize the difference between (people or things)distort(v. pull or twist out of its usual shapedistract$v. ~ sb stop sb concentrating on sthdistress1n. (cause of) great pain, sorrow, suffering, etc distributeJv. ~ sth separate sth into parts and give a share to each person or thing distribution8n. giving or being given to each of several people, etcdistrict9n. part of a country or town having a particular qualitydisturb2v. move from a settled or usual position or state disturbance!n. disturbing or being disturbedditchXn. narrow channel dug at the edge of a field, road, etc, esp to hold or carry off waterdiveDv. ~ (from/off sth) (into sth); ~ (off/in) go head first into waterdiverFn. person who dives, esp one who works under water using a diving-suitdiverseadj. of different kinds; varied diversion9n. action of turning sth aside or changing its directiondivideHv. ~ (up) (into sth) (cause sth to) split or break into parts; separatedivisionn. dividing or being divideddivorce2n. ~ (instance of the) legal ending of a marriagedoKaux v (used in front of a full v to form negative sentences and questions )dock}n. part of a port, etc where ships go for loading, unloading or repair, esp one fitted with gates to control the water leveldoctor2n. person who has been trained in medical sciencedocumentPn. paper, form, book, etc giving information about sth, evidence or proof of sth documentaryadj. consisting of documentsdogRn. common domestic animal kept by human beings for work, hunting, etc or as a petdoll=n. model of a baby or an adult, usu for a child to play withdollar3n. unit of money in the US, Canada, Australia, etcdome%n. rounded roof with a circular basedomestic&adj. of the home, household or familydominant/adj. ~ most important or prominent; dominatingdominateGv. have control of or a very strong influence on (people, events, etc)donkey=n. animal of the horse family, with short legs and long earsdoorTn. movable barrier that closes the entrance to a building, room, cupboard, car, etcdoorway=n. opening, filled by a door, into a building, room, car, etcdorm n. dormitory dormitoryRn. sleeping-room with a number of beds, esp in a school or some other institutiondose.n. amount of medicine to be taken at one timedotn. small round markdoubleadj. twice as much or as manydoubt@n. ~ ~ (as to) whether .. (feeling of) uncertainty or disbeliefdoubtful+adj. ~ (of a person) feeling doubt; unsure doubtless$adv. almost certainly; very probablydown)adv. part from a higher to a lower level downstairsadv. down the stairsdownwardCadj. moving, leading or pointing to what is lower or less importantdozenn. (abbr doz) set of twelvedraft,n. rough preliminary written version of sthdragadj. not (or no longer) wet, damp or sticky; without moistureduck@n. any of various types of common water-bird, domestic and wilddue/adj. ~ (to sb) owed as a debt or an obligationdulladj. not bright or cleardumbadj. unable to speakdump'v. put in a place and leave as rubbish duplicate,adj. exactly like something else; identicaldurableadj. lasting for a long timeduration,n. time during which sth lasts or continuesduringprep throughoutdusk'n. time after twilight and before nightdust?n. fine dry powder consisting of particles of earth, dirt, etcdutyn. moral or legal obligationdwellSv. ~ in, at, etc . (arch or rhet ) live as an inhabitant of or reside at (a place)dwelling'n. place of residence; house, flat, etcdye+v. colour (sth), esp by dipping in a liquiddying=> diedynamic.adj. of power or forces that produce movementeachTindef det (of two or more) every (person, thing, group, etc) considered individuallyeager(adj. ~ full of interest or desire; keeneagleJn. large strong bird of prey of the falcon family with very good eyesightear$n. organ of hearing; its outer partearly3adj. adv near to the beginning of a period of timeearnv. get (money) by workingearnest+adj. serious; determined; not light-heartedearningsn. money earnedearth*n. this world; the planet on which we live earthenwaren. pottery made of baked clay earthquake1n. sudden violent movement of the earth's surfaceease2n. freedom from work, discomfort, pain or anxietyeasilyadv. without difficultyeastbn. the east point of the horizon where the sun rises; one of the four main points of the compassEastern. annual Christian festival, that occurs on a Sunday in March or April, and celebrates the resurrection of Christ after the crucifixion; period about this time , 34easternNadj. of, from or living in the east part of the world or of a specified regioneastwardadj. towards the easteasy:adj. not difficult; done or obtained without great efforteat\v. ~ (up)/~ sth (up) take (solid food or soup) into the mouth and swallow it for nourishmentechoTn. reflection and repetition of a sound, eg from a wall or inside an enclosed spaceeclipseYn. blocking of the light of the sun or of the moon (when the earth's shadow falls on it)ecologyVn. the relation of plants and living creatures to each other and to their surroundingseconomic'adj. of economics(1), or of an economy economicalZadj. careful in the spending of money, time, etc and in the use of resources; not wasteful economically)adv: His scheme is not economically sound economicsmn. science or principles of the production, distribution and consumption of goods esp with reference to costeconomyAn. avoidance of waste (of money, strength, time, resources, etc)edgeMn. sharp cutting part of a blade, knife, sword, or some other tool or weaponeditAv. prepare for publication, eg in a book, newspaper, or magazineedition%n. form in which a book is publishededitor>n. person who edits or who is in charge of part of a newspaper editorialadj. of an editoreducateRv. ~ sb train the mind and character of sb; teach sb; provide sb with an education educationn. training and instruction (esp of children and young people in schools, colleges, etc)designed to give knowledge and develop skills educational%adj. of, about or providing educationeffect>n. ~ change produced by an action or cause; result or outcome effective5adj. having an effect; producing the intended result effectivelyadv. in an effective way efficiency&n. state or quality of being efficient efficient!adj. able to work well; capable efficiently*adv: get industry running more efficientlyeffort*n. use of strength and energy (to do sth)eggCn. in female mammals the cell from which the young is formed; ovumeight#pron, det 8; one more than seven 8.eighteen)pron, det 18; one more than seventeen 18.eighthHpron, det 8th; next after seventh 8, n. one of eight equal parts of stheighty,pron, det 80; one more than seventy-nine 80.either5indef det, indef pron one or the other of two . (det) elaborateCadj. very detailed and complicated; carefully prepared and finishedelasticUadj. returning to its normal or previous size or shape after being pulled or pressedelbown. joint where the arm bendselderLadj. (of people; esp two closely related members of a family) older; senioreldestadj. , n first-born; oldestelectv. ~ sb choose sb by voteelectionWn. choosing or selection by vote (of candidates for a position, esp a political office)electricadj. producing electricity electrical%adj. of or concerned with electricity electricianKn. person whosejob is to install, operate, repair, etc electrical equipment electricitygn. form of energy occurring in certain particles and hence in larger bodies, since they contain these electrify!v. charge (sth) with electricity electrodegn. either of two solid conductors by which an electric current enters or leaves a battery, etc;terminalelectronPn. minute particle of matter with a negative electric charge, found in all atoms electronic1adj. produced or operated by a flow of electrons electronicsOn. branch of science and technology that deals with the behaviour of electronselegant1adj. tasteful and stylish in appearance or mannerelement-n. ~ necessary or characteristic part of sth elemental7adj. powerful; uncontrolled; like the forces of nature elementary:adj. of or in the beginning stages (of a course of study)elephanten. largest four-footed animal now living, with two curved ivory tusks, thick skin, and a long trunkelevateLv. ~ sb/sth (fml ) lift sb/sth up; raise sb/sth to a higher place or rank ; elevationn. elevating or being elevatedelevator n. = lifteleven#pron, det 11; one more than ten 11.eleventhHpron, det 11th; next after tenth 11, n one of eleven equal parts of sth eliminate=v. ~ sb/sth remove (esp sb/sth that is not wanted or needed) eliminationelse;adv. in addition to or apart from (that already mentioned) elsewhere"adv. in, at or to some other place embarrass8v. cause (sb) to feel self-conscious, awkward or ashamedembodyPv. ~ sth (in sth) (fml ) express or give visible form to (ideas, feelings, etc)embrace^close encircling with the arms and pressure to the bosom especially as a sign of affection:HUGemerge&v. ~ come out or up (from water, etc) emergency@n. sudden serious event or situation requiring immediate actionemissionWn. sending out or giving off (of light, heat, fumes, matter, fluid from the body, etc)emit$v. give or send (sth) out; dischargeemotionn. strong feeling of any kind emotionaladj. of the emotionsemperorn. ruler of an empireemphasishn. force or stress given to a word or words when spoken, to make the meaning clear or to show importance emphasizeXTo articulate or enunciate with special impressiveness upon a word, or a group of words.empireEn. group of countries or states under a single ruler or ruling poweremploy7v. ~ sb ~ sb (as sth) give work to sb, usu for paymentemployee?n. person who works for sb or for a company in return for wagesemployer(n. person or company that employs others employmentn. act of employingemptyadj. having nothing insideenableFv. make able to do sth by giving him the necessary authority or meansenclose9v. ~ sth (also inclose) put a wall, fence, etc round sth enclosuren. enclosing of land encounterPv. meet or find oneself faced by (sth/sb unpleasant, dangerous, difficult, etc) encourage/v. ~ sb give support, confidence or hope to sb encouragement&n. ~ (to do sth) action of encouragingendHn. farthest or last part or point (of the length of sth); extreme limitendanger*v. cause danger to (sb/sth); put in danger endeavourn. attempt or effortending*n. end, esp of a story, film, play or wordendlessadj. without end endurancen. state or power of enduringendurev. suffer or undergo patientlyenemyCn. person who strongly dislikes or wants to injure or attack sb/sth energeticfull of or done with energyenergize$invigorate; make forceful and activeenergy6n. ability to act or work with strength and eagernessenforce?v. ~ sth force people to obey (a law, etc); make sth effectiveengage-v. ~ sb (fml ) arrange to employ sb; hire sb engagementn. agreement to marryengine]n. machine with moving parts that converts energy such as heat, electricity, etc into motionengineer]n. person who designs, builds or maintains engines, machines, bridges, railw ays, mines, etc engineeringn. practical application of scientific knowledge in the design, construction and control of machines, public services such as roads, bridges, etc, electrical apparatus, chemicals, etcEnglandthe largest division of Great Britain, bordering on Scotland and Wales: unified in the mid- tenth century and conquered by the Normans in 1066; united with Wales inScotland in 1707Englishyn. the language of England, used in Britain, most countries in the British Commonwealth, theUSA and some other countries Englishman}Englishwoman (pl -women) ns person born in England or one whose parents are English or one who has become an English citizenenhance%v. increase make (sb/sth) look betterenjoyv. get pleasure from enjoymentn. pleasure; satisfactionenlarge v. (cause sth to) become larger enlightenYv. ~ sb give more knowledge or information to sb; free sb from false beliefs or ignoranceenormousadj. very large; immenseenoughhindef det ~ sth (for sb/sth); ~ sth (for sb) to do sth as many or as much of sth as necessary;sufficientenrich'v. ~ sb/sth make sb/sth rich or richerensurev. make sure; guaranteev. come or go in or into (sth) enterpriseFn. project or undertaking, esp one that is difficult or needs courage entertainPv. ~ sb receive sb as a guest; provide food and drink for sb, esp in one's home entertainment%n. entertaining or being entertained enthusiasm?n. ~ strong feeling of admiration or interest; great eagerness enthusiasticadj. ~ full of enthusiasmentire+adj. with no part left out; whole; completeentirelyadv. completelyentitlev. give a title toentrance?n. ~ opening, gate, door, passage, etc by which one enters sthentryn. ~ act of coming or going inenvelope:n. wrapper or covering, esp one made of paper for a letter environment;n. conditions, circumstances, etc affecting people's lives environmental,adj. of or caused by a person's environmentenvy{n. ~ ~ (at/of sth) feeling of discontent caused by sb else's good fortune or success, espwhen one wishes this for oneselfequalBadj. the same in size, amount, value, number, degree, status, etcequalityn. state of being equalequally.adv. in an equal manner or to an equal degreeequatorVn. imaginary line around the earth at an equal distance from the North and South PolesequipVv. ~ sb/sth (w ith sth) supply sb/sth (w ith what is needed, for a particular purpose) equipment*n. things needed for a particular purpose equivalent7adj. ~ equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etcera>n. period in history starting from a particular time or eventerect(adj. standing on end; upright; verticalerrorn. thing done wrongly; mistakeescape7v. ~ get free; get away (from imprisonment or control)especial&adj. exceptional; outstanding; special especiallyadv. in particular; speciallyessay?n. piece of writing, usu short and in prose, on any one subjectessenceWn. that which makes a thing what it is; most important or indispensable quality of sth essential1adj. ~ necessary; indispensable; most important essentially&adv. in his/its true nature; basically establish'v. set up on a firm or permanent basis establishment$n. action of creating or setting upestate4n. area of land, esp in the country, with one ownerestimateMn. judgement or calculation of the approximate size, cost, value, etc of stheternalv. cry out suddenly and loudly from pain, anger, surprise, etc exclamation=n. sound(s) or word(s), expressing sudden surprise, pain, etcexcludeUv. ~ sb/sth prevent sb from entering somewhere, taking part in sth, etc; keep sb out exclusive|adj. (of a group, society, etc) not readily admitting new members (esp if they are thought to be socially inferior); select exclusively^[ exclusive: ] excluding all else; rejecting other considerations, possibilities, events, etc. excursionIn. short journey, esp one made by a group of people together for pleasureexcuseRn. ~ (true or invented) reason given to explain or defend one's behaviour; apologyexecute8v. carry out, perform (what one is asked or told to do) executionKn. carrying out or performance of a piece of work, plan, design, duty, etc executiveMadj. concerned with the management and carrying out of plans, decisions, etcexercise,n. use or practice through effort or actionexertEv. ~ sth bring (a quality, skill, pressure, etc) into use; apply sthexhaustGn. waste fumes, gases, steam, etc expelled from an engine or a machineexhibitLn. object or collection of objects displayed for the public, eg in a museum exhibitionln. collection of things shown publicly (eg works of art, industrial or commercial goods for advertisement)exist#v. ~ be real or actual; have being existencen. state or fact of existingEn. action of leaving; departure, esp that of an actor from the stageexpandLv. ~ (into sth) (cause sth to) become greater in size, number or importance expansion/n. action of expanding; state of being expandedexpectUv. ~ sth (from sb/sth) think or believe that sth will happen or that sb/sth will come expectationPn. ~ firm belief that sth will happen; hope of gaining sth/that sth will happen expedition5n. organized journey or voyage with a particular aimexpend5v. ~ sth (fml ) spend, use (money, etc) in doing sthexpensen. spending of money etc; cost expensiveadj. costing a lot experiencen. abnormally high body temperature, esp as a sign of illnessfew6indef det, adj (used with pl ns and a pl v ) not manyfibrePn. any of the slender threads of which many animal and plant tissues are formedfiction=n. type of literature describing imaginary events and peoplefield@n. area of land used for pasturing animals or cultivating cropsfierceadj. violent and angryfifteen(pron, det 15; one more than fourteen 15. fifteenthpron, det 15th; next after fourteenth 15. n one of fifteen equal parts of sth . For the uses of fifteen and fifteenth see the examples at five and fifth. fifteenfifteenthfivefifthfifth"pron, det 5th; next after fourth 5fifty*pron, det 50; one more than forty-nine 50.fight`v. ~ (against/w ith sb/sth) struggle against sb/sth using physical force, in a w ar, battle, etcfighter(n. person who fights in war or in sportfigure.n. written symbol for a number, esp 0 to 9 09fileTn. metal tool with a rough surface for cutting, smoothing or shaping hard substancesfill[v. ~ sth (w ith sth); ~sth (for sb) make sth full (of sth); occupy all of the space in sthfilm-n. ~ thin coating or covering on or over sthfiltern. device containing paper, sand, cloth, etc used to hold back any solid material or impurities in a liquid or gas passed through itfinaladj. of the end; coming lastfinallyadv. lastly; in conclusionfinancen. management of money financial!adj. concerning money and financefind;v. discover (sth/sb) unexpectedly or by chance; come acrossfindingCn. thing that is discovered as the result of an (official) inquiryfineLn. sum of money that must be paid as a punishment for breaking a law or rulefingern. any of the five parts extending from each hand (`little fin g er, `ring finger, `middle finger,`forefinger/`index finger, thumb); any of these except the thumbfinish!v. come or bring (sth) to an endfire(n. burning that produces light and heatfiremann. member of a fire brigade fireplaceRn. open space for a fire in a room, usu made of brick or stone and set into a wallfireworkfn. device containing chemicals that burn or explode spectacularly, used at celebrations or as a signalfirm,adj. not yielding when pressed; fairly hardfirmlyadv. in a firm wayfirmnessfirstBdet 1st; coming before all others in time, order, importance, etc first-rate#adj. excellent; of the best qualityfishen. cold-blooded animal living in water and breathing through gills, with fins and a tail for swimming fishermanGn. person who catches fish, esp as a job but also as a sport or hobby ,fishing*n. catching fish as a job, sport, or hobbyfist@n. hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palmfitmadj. ~ for sb/sth; ~ to do sth suitable or suited for sb/sth; well adapted for sb/sth; good enough for sb/sthfitness%n. condition of being physically fitfitting/adj. suitable for the occasion; right or properfive!pron, det 5; one more than four 5fixv. fasten firmly to sthfixed5adj. already arranged and decided; not changing; setfixture{n. thing, such as a bath, water tank or toilet, that is fixed in a building and is not removed when the owner moves houseflagn. piece of cloth with a particular design, that can be attached by one edge to a rope, pole, etc and used as a symbol of a country, party, etc or as a signalflameHn. hot glowing portion of burning gas that comes from something on fireflap@n. ~flat piece of material that covers an opening or hangs downflare+v. burn brightly but briefly or unsteadilyflash)n. sudden bright burst of light or flameflatzn. (also esp US apartment) set of rooms (living-room, bedroom, kitchen, etc) for living in, usu on one floor of a buildingflatten%v. ~ (out) become or make (sth) flatflatterKv. praise too much or insincerely, esp in order to gain favour for oneselfflavour n. taste and smell, esp of foodflaw>n. crack or fault (in an object or in material); imperfectionfleet:n. group of warships, submarines, etc under one commanderflesh\n. soft substance between the skin and bones of animal bodies, consisting of muscle and fatflexible,adj. that can bend easily without breakingflight?n. action or process of flying through the air; ability to flyfloatPv. stay on or at the surface of a liquid and not sink; be held up in air or gasflocknn. ~ group of sheep, goats or birds of the same kind, either kept together or feeding and travelling togetherfloodQv. (cause a place that is usu dry to) be filled or overflow with water; inundatefloor5n. surface of a room on which one stands, walks, etcflourbn. fine powder obtained by grinding grain, esp wheat or rye, and used for making bread, cakes, etcflourish6v. be successful, very active, or widespread; prosperflow.v. (of a liquid) move freely and continuouslyflowerpn. part of a plant from which the seed or fruit develops, often brightly coloured and lasting only a short timeflun. = influenza fluctuateGv. ~ (of a price, number, rate, etc) rise and fall; change irregularlyfluent`adj. able to speak or write a language or perform an action smoothly, accurately and with easefluidGadj. able to flow freely, as gases and liquids do; not solid or rigidflush@n. flow of blood to the face that causes a red colouring; blushflutemn. wind instrument in the form of a pipe, with holes stopped by fingers or keys and a mouth- hole at the sidefly4n. type of insect with two wings, esp the house-flyfoamBn. mass of small, usu white, air bubbles formed in or on a liquidfocusnn. =>Usage at data data. point at which rays (of light, sound, etc) meet or from which they appear to come ,fogUn. thick cloud of tiny drops of water close to or just above land or sea; thick mistfoldv. ~ sth (up) bend or turn sth so that one part of it lies on another; close or flatten sth by pressing two parts of it togetherfolkn. people in generalfollowkv. ~ sth (by/w ith sth) (cause sth to) come, go or take place after (sb/sth else) (in space, time or order)followerHn. person who follows; supporter of a particular person, cause or belief ing adj. next in timefond#adj. kind and loving; affectionatefoodcn. any substance that people or animals eat or drink or plants take in to maintain life and growth foodstuffn. any substance used as foodfoolNn. person who acts unwisely; person lacking in good sense or judgement; idiotfoolish8adj. (of people) lacking good sense or judgement; sillyfootNn. lowest part of the leg, below the ankle, on which a person or animal standsfootball4n. large round or oval inflated ball, usu of leatherfootpath n. = path 1footstep8n. (usu pl ) sound or mark of a step taken when walkingforFprep (indicating the person intended to receive or benefit from sth )forbidv. order (sb) not to do sthforcen. physical strength or powerforecastUv. tell in advance (what is expected to happen); predict with the help of information forefinger+n. finger next to the thumb; index finger . foregoingadj. preceding; just mentionedforehead;n. part of the face above the eyebrows and below the hair .foreign>adj. of, in or from a country or an area other than one's own foreigner.n. person from a country other than one's ownforemost-adj. most famous or important; best or chiefforeseeAv. see or know that sth is going to happen in the future; predictforestn. trees, bushes, etcforeveradv. for all time; alwaysforgewn. workshop with a fire and an anvil where metals are heated and shaped, esp one used by a smith for making horseshoesforgetov. ~ about sth (not used in the continuous tenses ) fail to remember or recall (sth); lose the memory of (sth)forgive|v. ~ sth; ~ sb (for sth/doing sth) stop being angry or bitter towards sb or about sth; stop blaming or wanting to punish sbforkn. small implement with a handle and two or more points or prongs, used for lifting food to the mouth or holding things firmly while they are cut0n. outward physical appearance of sb/sth; shapeformaladj. following accepted rules of behaviour; showing or expecting careful, serious behaviour, as eg on official occasions or in distant, not close, relationships formationn. organizing and developingformer"adj. of an earlier period or timeformerly!adv. in earlier times; previouslyformulaOn. (chemistry ) set of symbols showing the elements that a substance is made offorthadv. part out from home, etc forthcoming2adj. about to happen or appear in the near future fortnight$n. (esp Brit) (period of) two weeks fortunatehaving good luck; lucky fortunately&[ fortunate: ] having good luck; luckyfortuneadj. of high quality; of an acceptable standard; satisfactorygoodbye3interj, n (used when leaving or being left by sb )goodness+n. quality of being good; virtue; kindnessgoodsn. movable propertygoose+n. web-footed water bird larger than a duckgovernGv. rule control or direct the public affairs of (a city, country, etc) governmentn. governing; power to governgovernorHn. person appointed to govern a province or state (esp a colony abroad)gown7n. woman's dress, esp a long one for special occasionsgrace$n. quality of simple elegant beautygraceful;adj. showing a pleasing beauty of form, movement or mannergraciousbadj. ~ (of persons and behaviour) kind, polite and generous (esp to sb who is socially inferior)gradeHn. step, stage or degree of rank, quality, etc; level of classificationgradualMadj. taking place by a series of small changes over a long period; not sudden gradually!adv. in a gradual way; by degreesgraduate^n. ~ person who holds a degree (esp the first or bachelor's) from a university or polytechnicgrainn. number of animals, esp cattle, feeding or staying togetherhereFadv. (w ith a v or after a prep ) in, at or to this position or placeheroHn. person who is admired by many for his noble qualities or his braveryheroic6adj. having the characteristics of a hero; very braveheroinen. female herohers#possess pron of or belonging to herherselfareflex, emph pron (reflex ) (used when the female doer of an action is also affected by it )hesitateVv. ~ be slow to speak or act because one feels uncertain or unwilling; pause in doubt hesitationn. state of hesitatinghey@interj (used to call attention or express surprise or inquiry )hiinterj (esp US) = halloFv. prevent (sth/sb/oneself) from being seen; put or keep out of sighthighbadj. (of things) extending far upwards; having a relatively big distance from the base to the tophighland"adj. of or in mountainous regionshighly(adv. to an unusually great extent; veryhighwayn. main public roadhijack{v. seize control of in order to force it to go to a new destination, to take its passengers hostage or to steal its cargohillQn. natural elevation on the earth's surface, not as high or rugged as a mountainhillsiden. sloping side of a hillhimhimself^reflex, emph pron (reflex ) (used when the male doer of an action is also affected by it )hindadj. situated at the backhinderGv. ~ sb/sth prevent the progress of sb/sth; obstruct or delay sb/sth ;hinge[n. piece of metal, etc on which a lid, door, or gate turns or swings as it opens and closeshint^n. subtle way of indicating to sb what one is thinking or what one wants; indirect suggestionhire~v. ~ sth/sb obtain the use of sth or the services of sb temporarily and esp for a short period of time, in return for paymenthisHpossess det of or belonging to a male person or animal mentioned earlier historian-n. person who studies or writes about historyhistoric#adj. famous or important in history historicaladj. concerning past eventshistorytn. study of past events, esp the political, social and economic development of a country, a continent or the worldhitBv. ~ sb/sth (w ith sth) strike sb/sth with a blow, missile, etchobbyUn. favourite activity that a person does for pleasure and not as his regular businesshoeQn. long-handled tool with a blade, used for loosening the soil and removing weedsholdFv. take and keep or support (sb/sth) in one's arms, hands, teeth, etcholderQn. person who holds sth; person who has sth at his disposal or in his possessionhole=n. sunken or hollow place in a solid mass or surface; cavityholiday>n. day of rest, recreation or festivity, when no work is donehollow4adj. having a hole or empty space inside; not solidholy2adj. associated with God or with religion; of Godhome0n. place where one lives, esp with one's familyhomelessadj. having no homehomely)adj. (approv esp Brit) simple and plainhomework8n. work that a pupil is required to do away from schoolhonest?adj. (of a person) telling the truth; not cheating or stealinghonesty+n. quality of being honest; truthfulness ;honey=n. sweet sticky yellowish substance made by bees from nectar honeymoon+n. holiday taken by a newly married couplehonour+n. source of pride and pleasure; privilege honourable+adj. deserving, bringing or showing honourhook]n. curved or bent piece of wire, plastic, etc for catching hold of sth or for hanging sth onhope`n. ~ (of doing sth/that...) desire for sth to happen, combined with the expectation that itwillhopeful-adj. ~ ~ (that...) (of a person) having hopehopelessIadj. most unlikely to improve, succeed, be settled, etc; causing despairhorizonBn. the horizon the line at which the earth and sky appear to meet horizontal1parallel to the plane of the horizon; level; flathornn. bony outgrowth, usu curved and pointed and one of a pa ir, on the heads of cattle, deer, rams and various other animals .horror-n. feeling of intense fear or dismay; terrorhorsern. large four-legged animal with a flowing mane and tail, used for riding on or to carry loads, pull carts, etc . horsepowerwn. (abbr hp) unit for measuring the power of an engine, etc (550 foot-pounds per second, about 750 watts) , 15501, 750hospitalbn. institution providing medical and surgical treatment and nursing care for ill or injured people hospitalityan. friendly and generous reception and entertainment of guests or strangers, esp in one's ownhomehost0n. ~ of sb/sth large number of people or thingshostessHn. woman who receives and entertains one or more other people as guestshostile9adj. ~ showing strong dislike or enmity; very unfriendlyhotIadj. having a relatively or noticeably high temperature; giving off heathotelSn. building where rooms and usu meals are provided for people in return for paymenthour5n. twenty-fourth part of a day and night; 60 minuteshouseWn. building made for people to live in, usu for one family or for a family and lodgers household-n. all the people living together in a house housewifen. woman whose occupation is looking after her family, cleaning the house, etc, and who usu does not have full-time paid work outside the homehow#interrog adv in what way or mannerhowever"adv. to whatever extent or degreehuge+adj. very large in size or amount; enormoushuman!adj. of or characteristic of manhumanity5n. human beings collectively; the human race; peoplehumblewadj. (of a person or his words or actions) having or showing a low or modest opinion of one's own importance; not proudhumidadj. containing moisture; damphumidity1n. degree of moisture, esp in the air; dampness ;humorous8adj. having or showing a sense of humour; amusing; funnyhumour%n. quality of being amusing or comichundred,pron, det 100; one more than ninety-nine 100hunger3n. state of not having enough to eat; lack of foodhungryJadj. suffering from weakness, pain, etc because of lack of food; starvinghuntadj. of, carried on by or existing between two or more nations interpret4v. explain (sth which is not easily understandable)interpretationn. interpreting interpreterRn. person who gives a simultaneous translation of words spoken in another language interrupt'v. break the continuity of temporarily interruption$n. interrupting or being interruptedintervaln. ~ time between two events intervene v. (of time) come or be between interviewfn. ~ meeting at which sb (eg sb applying for a job) is asked questions to find out if he is suitableintimate>adj. ~ having or being a very close and friendly relationshipinto>prep (moving) to a point within (an enclosed space or volume) introducetv. ~ sb make sb known formally to sb else by giving the person's name, or by giving each person's name to the other introductionZn. ~ formal presentation of one person to another, in which each is told the other's nameinvadepv. ~ (sth) (w ith sth) enter (a country or territory) with armed forces in order to attack, damage or occupy itinvalid:adj. not properly based or able to be upheld by reasoning invariably adv: She invariably arrives lateinvasionn. invading or being invadedinventEv. make or design (sth that did not exist before); create by thought inventionn. action of inventinginventorn. person who invents thingsinvertDv. put upside down or in the opposite order, position or arrangementinvestjv. ~ (in sth/with sb) use (money) to buy shares, property, etc, in order to earn interest or bring profit investigate5v. find out and examine in order to obtain the truth investigation&n. investigating or being investigated investmentn. ~ investing of money invisible(adj. ~ that cannot be seen; not visible invitationn. inviting or being invitedinvite;v. ~ sb ask sb in a friendly way to go somewhere or do sthinvolve3v. make necessary as a condition or result; entailinwardadj. situated within; innerirondn. common hard silver-white metallic element capable of being magnetized and used in various forms irregular6adj. ~ not regular in shape, arrangement, etc; uneven irregularity'n. state or quality of being irregular irrespective9irrespective of prep not taking account of or consideringirritate$v. make angry, annoyed or impatientisland%n. piece of land surrounded by waterisolate\v. ~sb/sth put or keep sb/sth entirely apart from other people or things; separate sb/sth ;issuen. outgoing; outflowItalian.adj. of Italy, its culture, language or peopleitem)n. single article or unit in a list, etcits;possess det of or belonging to a thing, an animal or a babyitselforeflex, emph pron (reflex ) (used when the animal, thing, etc causing the action is also affected by it )jacketn. short coat with sleevesjail= gaoljambn. sweet substance made by boiling fruit with sugar until it is thick, usu preserved in jars, etcJanuary6n. the first month of the year, coming before Februaryjapann. hard shiny black varnishJapaneseJof, relating to, or characteristic of Japan, its people, or their languagejar,n. cylindrical container, usu made of glassjaw6n. either of the bone structures containing the teethjazztn. music of American Negro origin, characterized by the use of improvisation and strong, often syncopated, rhythmsjealousSadj. feeling or showing fear or resentment of possible rivals in love or affectionjealousyn. being jealousjet$n. aircraft powered by a jet enginejewel*n. precious stone (eg adiamond or a ruby)Jewishadj. of the Jewsjobn. the patience of jobjoinev. ~ sth onto sth/on; ~ A to B; ~ A and B fasten one thing to another; connect or combine two thingsjointIn. structure in the body of an animal by which bones are fitted togetherjoke8n. thing said or done to cause amusement, laughter, etcjollyadj. happy and cheerfuljournalYn. newspaper or periodical, esp one that is serious and deals with a specialized subject journalist'a person whose occupation is journalismjourney[n. (distance covered in) travelling, usu by land, from one place to another, often far awayjoyn. feeling of great happinessjoyful(adj. filled with, showing or causing joyjudge@n. public officer with authority to decide cases in a law court judgementn. ~ opinion about sthjuice6n. liquid obtained from a fruit; drink made from thisJuly1n. the seventh month of the year, next after Junejumpn. act of jumpingjunction,n. place where roads or railw ay lines meetJune.n. the sixth month of the year, next after Mayjunior+adj. ~ lower in rank or standing (than sb)juryn. group of people in a law court who have been chosen to listen to the facts in a case and to decide whether the accused person is guilty or not guiltyjustOadj. acting or being in accordance with what is morally right and proper; fairjustice)n. right and fair behaviour or treatmentjustify3v. show that (sb/sth) is right, reasonable or justkeen/adj. ~ (to do sth/that...) eager; enthusiastickeepIv. continue to be in the specified condition or position; remain or staykeeperPn. person who looks after animals in a zoo or a collection of items in a museumkerosene3another name (esp. U.S. and Canadian) for: paraffinkettleBn. container with a spout, lid and handle, used for boiling waterkeyCn. metal instrument shaped so that it will move the bolt of a lockkeyboard,n. set of keys on a typewriter,piano, etc .kickv. hit (sb/sth) with the footkid"n. (infml ) child or young personkill%v. cause death or cause the death ofkilo n. kilogramkilogram6n. basic unit of mass in the SI system; 1000 grams ; . kilometerA length of 1,000 meters.kilowatt.n. unit of electrical power; 1000 watts , 1000kind&adj. friendly and thoughtful to otherskindnessn. quality of being kindkingUn. male ruler of an independent state, usu inheriting the position by right of birthkingdom-n. country or state ruled by a king or queenkiss:v. touch with the lips to show affection or as a greetingkitchen:n. room or building in which meals are cooked or preparedkite|n. toy consisting of a light framework covered with paper, cloth, etc that is flown in the wind at the end of a long stringknee^n. joint between the thigh and lower part of the human leg; corresponding joint in animals ;.kneelUv. =>Usage at dream dream. ~ (down) go down on one or both knees; rest on the knee(s)knife>n. sharp blade with a handle, used for cutting or as a weaponknitv. ~ sth (for sb) make (a garment or fabric) by forming wool, silk, etc yarn into connecting loops, either by hand (using long needles) or on a machineknob)n. round handle (of a door, drawer, etc)knockn. sharp blowknotBn. fastening made by tying a piece or pieces of string, rope, etcknowZv. have (sth) in one's mind or memory as a result of experience or learning or information knowledgen. understandinglab n. laboratoryvn. piece of paper, cloth, metal, etc on or beside an object and describing its nature, name, owner, destination, etc laboratory@n. room or building used for research, experiments, testing, etclabourn. physicalor mental worklaceAn. delicate fabric with an ornamental openwork design of threadslack.v. be without (sth); have less than enough ofladn. boy; young manladdern. structure for climbing up and down sth, consisting of two upright lengths of wood, metal or rope joined to each other by crossbars used as steps .lady1n. woman of good manners and dignified behaviourlagKv. ~ (behind sb/sth); ~ (behind) go too slow; fail to keep pace with otherslake*n. large area of water surrounded by landlambn. young sheeplamen. thing that is being carried or to be carried, esp if heavyloaf/n. mass of bread shaped and baked in one pieceloan*n. thing that is lent, esp a sum of moneylobby%n. porch, entrance-hall or ante-roomlocal1adj. belonging to a particular place or districtlocality:n. position of sth; place or district in which sth happenslocate+v. discover the exact position or place oflocationn. place or positionlock/n. portion of hair that hangs or lies together locomotive%adj. of, having or causing locomotionlodgewn. small house at the gates of a park or in the grounds of a large house, occupied by a gate- keeper or other employeelodgingn. temporary accommodationlog9n. length of tree-trunk that has fallen or been cut downlogicn. science of reasoninglogical?adj. in accordance with the rules of logic; correctly reasoned logicallyadv: argue logically loneliness Solitude.lonely1adj. sad because one lacks friends or companionslong0adj. having a great or specified extent in spacelongingn. ~ intense desirelookHv. ~ turn one's eyes in a particular direction (in order to see sb/sth)loop-n. shape produced by a curve crossing itselfloose%adj. freed from control; not tied uplooselyadv. in a loose mannerloosen"v. become or make loose or looserlordn. master; male rulerlorry_n. (also esp US truck) large strong motor vehicle for transporting goods, soldiers, etc by roadloseQv. have (sth/sb) taken away from one by accident, misfortune, old age, death, etcloss&n. act, instance or process of losinglotPn. the `lot, all the `lot, the whole `lot the whole number or amount (of sb/sth)loud(adj. producing much noise; easily heard loudspeaker[n. part of a radio, record-player, etc that changes electrical impulses into audible soundslounge=v. sit or stand in a lazy w ay, esp leaning against sth; lolllove2n. warm liking or affection; affectionatedevotionlovelyadj. beautiful; attractivelover5n. partner in a sexual relationship outside marriagelow1adj. not high or tall; not extending far upwardslowerv. let or bring (sb/sth) downloyaladj. ~ true and faithfulloyalty+n. being true and faithful; loyal behaviour lubricate5v. put oil or grease on or in so that it moves easilyluckEn. chance, esp thought of as a force that brings good or bad fortunelucky2adj. having, bringing or resulting from good luckluggageIn. bags, suitcases, etc containing sb's belongings and taken on a journeylumberKn. unwanted pieces of furniture, etc that are stored away or take up spacelump5n. hard or compact mass, usu without a regular shapelunaradj. of the moonlunch'n. meal taken in the middle of the daylungKn. either of the two breathing-organs in the chest of man and other animalsluxuryJn. the best and most expensive food and drink, clothes, surroundings, etcmachinen. apparatus with several moving parts, designed to perform a particular task, and driven by electricity, steam, gas, etc, or by human power machineryn. moving parts (of a machine)madadj. mentally ill; insanemadamtn. (fml ) (polite form of address to a woman, whether married or unmarried, usu sb one does not know personally , )madamen. (abbr Mmes) (French title given to an older, esp married or widowed, woman or to an older woman who is not British or Americanmagazinebn. paper-covered periodical, usu weekly or monthly, with articles, stories, etc, by variouswritersmagicn. power of apparentlyusing supernatural forces to change the form of things or influence events; superstitious practices based on thismagician"n. person who is skilled in magic(magnetn. piece of iron, often ina horseshoe shape, which can attract iron, either naturallyor because of an electric current passed through it, and which points roughly north and south when freely suspendedmagnetic%adj. with the properties of a magnet magnetism1n. properties and effects of magnetic substances magnificent%adj. splendid; remarkable; impressivemagnify:v. make (sth) appear larger, as a lens or microscope does magnituden. (usu large) sizemaidn. woman servantmailRn. official system of collecting, transporting and delivering letters and parcelsmain&adj. most important; chief; principalmainlandKn. large mass of land forming a country, continent, etc without its islandsmainlyadv. chiefly; primarilymaintainWv. ~ sth cause sth to continue; keep sth in existence at the same level, standard, etc maintenance#n. maintaining or being maintainedmajoradj. important; great(er)majority$n. the greater number or part; mostmakev. (pt, pp made / meId; med/)maker$n. the/our Maker the Creator; God ;makeupKThe arrangements or combination of the parts of which anything is composed.male6adj. of the sex that does not give birth to offspringmann. adult male human beingmanagev. be in charge of (sth); run managementn. control and organizationmanager&n. person controlling a business, etcmanifestadj. ~ (fml ) clear and obvious manipulate v. control or handle with skillmankindn. the human racemanlyOadj. (approv ) (of a man) having the qualities or appearance expected of a manmanner+n. way in which a thing is done or happensmanual-adj. of, done with or controlled by the hands manufacture)v. make on a large scale using machinery manufacturer*n. person or firm that manufactures things manuscript/n. thing written by hand, not typed or printedmanyAindef det, indef pron a large number of people or things . (det)mapn. representation on paper, etc of the earth's surface or part of it, showing countries, rivers, mountains, oceans, roads, etcmarbleRn. type of hard limestone used, when cut and polished, for building and sculpturemarch4n. the third month of the year, next after Februarymargin=n. blank space round the written or printed matter on a pagemarginaladj. of or in a marginmarine/adj. of, near, found in or produced by the seamarkEn. stain, spot, line, etc, esp one that spoils the appearance of sthmarketKn. gathering of people for buying and selling goods; place where they meetmarriageUn. legal union between a man and a woman as husband and wife; state of being marriedmarried mercymercury n. the planet nearest to the sunmercyZn. kindness, forgiveness, restraint, etc shown to sb one has the right or power to punishmere9adj. nothing more than; no better or more important thanmerelyadv. only; simplymeritn. instrument that changes sound waves into electrical currentmicroprocessorRn. central data processing unit of a computer, contained on one or more microchips microscopeDn. instrumentwith lenses for making very small objects appear larger microscopicn. large, ugly and frightening creature, esp an imaginary one monstrous,adj. shocking, unjust or absurd; outrageousmonthUn. any of the twelve periods of time into which the year is divided, eg May and JunemonthlyAadj. done, happening, published, etc once a month or every monthmonumentTn. building, column, statue, etc built to remind people of a famous person or eventmood8n. state of one's feelings or mind at a particular timemoralAadj. concerning principles of right and wrong behaviour; ethicalmorality n. principles of good behaviourmoreOindef det, indef pron ~ (than...) a greater or additional number or amount(of)moreover"adv. further; besides; in additionmorningIn. early part of the day between dawn and noon or before the midday mealmortal.adj. that must die; that cannot live for evermosquitotn. small flying insect (esp the type that spreads malaria) the female of which sucks the blood of people and animalsmosskn. very small green or yellow flowerless plant growing in thick masses on damp surfaces or trees or stonesmostEindef det, indef pron greatest in number, amount or extent ; . (det)mostlyadv. almost all; generallymother&n. female parent of a child or animalmotion n. movingmotive